Etymograph

English

run

Run comes from Middle English runnen ‘to run’, an alteration of rinnen, from Old English rinnan ‘to run’, and ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną ‘to run’.

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*h₃reyH-1‘to boil, churn’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*rinnaną1‘to run’reconstructed
  3. Old Englishc. 450–1150rinnan1‘to run’
  4. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500rinnen1‘to run’
  5. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500runnen1‘to run’
  6. Englishearliest quotation 1603run1

attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor

  1. 1 Wiktionary, English run
  2. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1603, Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes: “Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himselfe.”.

Lineage

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*h₃reyH-Wiktionary, English run‘to boil, churn’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*rinnanąWiktionary, English run‘to run’reconstructed
  3. Old Englishc. 450–1150rinnanWiktionary, English run‘to run’
  4. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500rinnenWiktionary, English run‘to run’
  5. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500runnenWiktionary, English run‘to run’
  6. Englishearliest quotation 1603runWiktionary, English run. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1603, Richard Knolles, The Generall Historie of the Turkes: “Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himselfe.”

The story

Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (‘to run, run after’), Persian راندن (rândan, “to move, set in motion”).

Full etymology on Wiktionary

Word family

English words that share an ancestor with run, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.

through Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- ‘to move, to stir’

  • original ← orīginālis ← orīgō ← orior ← *oriōr
  • ride ← riden ← rīdan ← *rīdan ← *rīdaną
  • origin ← origine ← origine ← orīgō ← orior
  • earn ← erne ← rennen ← rinnan ← *rinnaną
  • abortion ← abortiōnem ← aborior ← orior ← *oriōr
  • orient ← oriēns
  • abort ← abortus ← aborior ← orior ← *oriōr
  • irritable ← irritabilis ← irrītō ← *h₃riH-tó-s ← *h₃reyH-
  • irritate ← irrītātus ← irrītō ← *h₃riH-tó-s ← *h₃reyH-
  • ornithology ← ornithologia ← ὀρνιθολόγος ← ὄρνις ← *órn-īk-s ~ *órn-īkʷʰ-
  • erne ← ern ← earn ← *arnu ← *arnuz
  • orogeny ← orogénie ← ὄρος ← ὄρνυμι ← *h₃eros

18 more relatives in the full family tree

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Today it means

verb To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot.

Sources

Sources: Wiktionary, “run”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.

Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- / run