Etymograph

English

whom

Whom comes from Middle English whom ‘(to) who, whom’, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos ‘interrogative pronoun’, and ultimately from *kʷ-.

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kʷ-1‘the primary interrogative root’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kʷos2‘interrogative pronoun’reconstructed
  3. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*hwaz1‘who’reconstructed
  4. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*hwammai1reconstructeddative case of *hwaz
  5. Old Englishc. 450–1150hwām1
  6. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500whom1‘who’
  7. Englishearliest quotation 1897whom1

attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor

  1. 1 Wiktionary, English whom
  2. 2 Wiktionary, Proto-Germanic *hwaz
  3. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1897, Winston Churchill: “The stories did not seem to me to touch…”.

Lineage

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kʷ-Wiktionary, English whom‘the primary interrogative root’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kʷosWiktionary, Proto-Germanic *hwaz‘interrogative pronoun’reconstructed
  3. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*hwazWiktionary, English whom‘who’reconstructed
  4. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*hwammaiWiktionary, English whomreconstructeddative case of *hwaz
  5. Old Englishc. 450–1150hwāmWiktionary, English whom
  6. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500whomWiktionary, English whom‘who’
  7. Englishearliest quotation 1897whomWiktionary, English whom. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1897, Winston Churchill: “The stories did not seem to me to touch…”

Word family

English words that share an ancestor with whom, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.

through Proto-Indo-European *kʷ- ‘the primary interrogative root’

  • what ← hwæt ← *hwat ← *hwat ← *kʷís
  • when ← when(ne) ← hwonne ← *hwannē ← *hwan
  • how ← hū ← *hwō ← *hwō ← *kʷís
  • why ← hwȳ ← *hwiu ← *hwī ← *kʷey
  • quantity ← quantite ← quantité ← quantitās ← quantus
  • ubiquitous ← ubīquitās ← ubīque ← ubī̆ ← cubī
  • quip ← quippe ← quid ← *kʷid ← *kʷid
  • ubiquity ← ubīquitās ← ubīque ← ubī̆ ← cubī

through Proto-Indo-European *kʷos ‘interrogative pronoun’

  • elsewhere ← elswher ← elles hwǣr ← hwerġen ← *hwargin
  • neutral ← neutrālis ← neuter ← uter ← *kʷoteros
  • rapunzel ← raponzolo ← rapa ← rāpa ← neuter
  • whither ← whider ← hwider ← *hwadrê

24 more relatives in the full family tree

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Today it means

pron As the object of a verb.

Sources

Sources: Wiktionary, “whom”; the older steps come from the Wiktionary entry for Proto-Germanic *hwaz. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.

Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *kʷ- / whom