Etymograph

English

include

Include comes from Middle English includen, from Latin inclūdō ‘to shut in, enclose’ (in- + claudō ‘to shut’), ultimately from PIE *kleh₂w- ‘key’.

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kleh₂w-1‘key, hook, nail’reconstructed
  2. Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEclaudō1‘to shut’
  3. Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEinclūdō1‘to shut in, enclose’
  4. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500includen1
  5. Englishearliest quotation c. 1590–1591include1

attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor

  1. 1 Wiktionary, English include
  2. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: c. 1590–1591, William Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona: “Come, let us go; we will include all jars…”.

Lineage

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kleh₂w-Wiktionary, English include‘key, hook, nail’reconstructed
  2. Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEclaudōWiktionary, English include‘to shut’
  3. Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEinclūdōWiktionary, English include‘to shut in, enclose’
  4. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500includenWiktionary, English include
  5. Englishearliest quotation c. 1590–1591includeWiktionary, English include. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: c. 1590–1591, William Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona: “Come, let us go; we will include all jars…”

Word family

English words that share an ancestor with include, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.

through Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- ‘key, hook, nail’

  • close ← closen ← clusen ← clȳsan ← *klūsijan
  • exclusive ← exclūsīvus ← excludere ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • closure ← clausura ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • clause ← clausa ← clausus ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • exclude ← exclūdō ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • conclude ← concluden ← conclūdō ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • cataract ← cataracte
  • cloister ← cloistre ← cloistre ← claustrum ← claudō
  • recluse ← reclus ← reclūdere ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • conclave ← clāvis
  • claustrophobia ← claustrum ← claudō ← *klaudō
  • sluice ← sluse ← escluse ← exclusa ← exclūsus

38 more relatives in the full family tree

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Today it means

verb To bring into a group, class, set, or total as a (new) part or member.

Sources

Sources: Wiktionary, “include”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.

Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- / include