English
include
Include comes from Middle English includen, from Latin inclūdō ‘to shut in, enclose’ (in- + claudō ‘to shut’), ultimately from PIE *kleh₂w- ‘key’.
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kleh₂w-1‘key, hook, nail’reconstructed
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEclaudō1‘to shut’
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEinclūdō1‘to shut in, enclose’
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500includen1
- Englishearliest quotation c. 1590–1591include1
attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor
- 1 Wiktionary, English include
- Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: c. 1590–1591, William Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona: “Come, let us go; we will include all jars…”.
Lineage
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*kleh₂w-Wiktionary, English include‘key, hook, nail’reconstructed
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEclaudōWiktionary, English include‘to shut’
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEinclūdōWiktionary, English include‘to shut in, enclose’
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500includenWiktionary, English include
- Englishearliest quotation c. 1590–1591includeWiktionary, English include. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: c. 1590–1591, William Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona: “Come, let us go; we will include all jars…”
Word family
English words that share an ancestor with include, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.
through Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- ‘key, hook, nail’
- close ← closen ← clusen ← clȳsan ← *klūsijan
- exclusive ← exclūsīvus ← excludere ← claudō ← *klaudō
- closure ← clausura ← claudō ← *klaudō
- clause ← clausa ← clausus ← claudō ← *klaudō
- exclude ← exclūdō ← claudō ← *klaudō
- conclude ← concluden ← conclūdō ← claudō ← *klaudō
- cataract ← cataracte
- cloister ← cloistre ← cloistre ← claustrum ← claudō
- recluse ← reclus ← reclūdere ← claudō ← *klaudō
- conclave ← clāvis
- claustrophobia ← claustrum ← claudō ← *klaudō
- sluice ← sluse ← escluse ← exclusa ← exclūsus
38 more relatives in the full family tree
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Today it means
verb To bring into a group, class, set, or total as a (new) part or member.
Sources
Sources: Wiktionary, “include”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.
Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂w- / include