English
flower
Flower comes from Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōs (accusative flōrem), from PIE *bʰleh₃- ‘to bloom’.
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰleh₃-1‘to thrive, bloom’reconstructed
- Proto-Italicc. 1500–700 BCE*flōs1‘flower’reconstructed
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEflōs1‘flower’
- Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400flur1
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500flour1‘a flower’
- Englishearliest quotation 1513flower1
attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor
- 1 Wiktionary, English flower
- Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1513, John Skelton, Agaynst the Scottes; republished in John Scattergood: “At Floddon hyllys, / Our bowys, our byllys /…”.
Lineage
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰleh₃-Wiktionary, English flower‘to thrive, bloom’reconstructed
- Proto-Italicc. 1500–700 BCE*flōsWiktionary, English flower‘flower’reconstructed
- Latinc. 75 BCE–200 CEflōsWiktionary, English flower‘flower’
- Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400flurWiktionary, English flower
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500flourWiktionary, English flower‘a flower’
- Englishearliest quotation 1513flowerWiktionary, English flower. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1513, John Skelton, Agaynst the Scottes; republished in John Scattergood: “At Floddon hyllys, / Our bowys, our byllys /…”
The story
Partly displaced native Old English blostma (which is cognate), whence Modern English blossom.
Word family
English words that share an ancestor with flower, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.
through Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- ‘to thrive, bloom’
- full ← fullen ← fuller ← foler ← fullāre
- blood ← blōd ← *blōd ← *blōþą
- fool ← fouler ← fouller ← foler ← *fullāre
- blade ← blad ← blæd ← *blad ← *bladą
- bless ← blessen ← bletsian ← *blōdisōn ← *blōþą
- blow ← blowen ← blōwan ← *blōaną
- foil ← foilen ← fouler ← fullō
- bleed ← bleden ← blēdan ← *blōdijan ← *blōdijaną
- bloom ← blome ← blóm ← *blōmô ← *blōaną
- blossom ← blosme ← blostm ← *blōstmô ← *bʰleh₃-s-
- folly ← feuille ← feuille ← fueille ← folia
- flora ← *flōs ← *bʰléh₃s ~ *bʰl̥h₃s-és
83 more relatives in the full family tree
No ads, ever.
Explore everything descended from *bʰleh₃- →
No ads, ever. This is how the app stays alive.
Become a founding member, $29 onceWear this word, $32Support the app
Today it means
noun A colorful, conspicuous structure associated with angiosperms, frequently scented and attracting various insects, and which may or may not be used for sexual reproduction.
Sources
Sources: Wiktionary, “flower”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.
Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- / flower