Etymograph

English

blue

Blue comes from Middle English blew, via Anglo-Norman from Old French bloe, from Frankish *blāu, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw-.

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰlēw-1‘yellow, blond, grey’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*blēwaz1‘blue, dark blue’reconstructed
  3. Frankishc. 250–700*blāu1‘blue’reconstructed
  4. Old Frenchc. 842–1400bloe1‘blue’
  5. Middle Frenchc. 1400–1600bleu1
  6. Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400blew1
  7. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500blew1
  8. Englishearliest quotation 1781blue1

attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor

  1. 1 Wiktionary, English blue
  2. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1781, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters: “Lord Lyttelton's Life by Dr Johnson […] which a…”.

Lineage

  1. Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰlēw-Wiktionary, English blue‘yellow, blond, grey’reconstructed
  2. Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*blēwazWiktionary, English blue‘blue, dark blue’reconstructed
  3. Frankishc. 250–700*blāuWiktionary, English blue‘blue’reconstructed
  4. Old Frenchc. 842–1400bloeWiktionary, English blue‘blue’
  5. Middle Frenchc. 1400–1600bleuWiktionary, English blue
  6. Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400blewWiktionary, English blue
  7. Middle Englishc. 1150–1500blewWiktionary, English blue
  8. Englishearliest quotation 1781blueWiktionary, English blue. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1781, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters: “Lord Lyttelton's Life by Dr Johnson […] which a…”

The story

From Middle English blew, blewe, from Anglo-Norman blew, from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (‘blue’), from Frankish *blāu (‘blue’) (perhaps through a Late Latin blāvus, blāvius (‘blue’) attested from Isidore of Seville), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (‘blue, dark blue’), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- (‘yellow, blond, grey’). Possibly related also to English blee (‘colour’), from Old English blēo (‘colour’); but direct derivatives of Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (‘blue, dark blue’) in Old English include: Old English blāw and blēo (‘blue’), Old English blǣwen (‘bluish, light-blue’), blǣhǣwen (“blue-coloured, bluish, violet or purple colour”, literally “blue-hued”). There seems to be a parallel connection in Germanic between words for blue and colour, dually exemplified by Proto-West Germanic *blīu (‘colour, blee’) and *blāu (‘blue’); and Proto-Germanic *hiwją (‘colour, hue’) and *hāwī (‘blue, purple’). Also compare фиоле́тово (fiolétovo).

Full etymology on Wiktionary

Word family

English words that share an ancestor with blue, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.

through Proto-Germanic *blēwaz ‘blue, dark blue’

  • blow ← blo ← blāw ← *blāu

through Middle English blew

5 more relatives in the full family tree

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Today it means

adj Of a blue hue.

Sources

Sources: Wiktionary, “blue”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.

Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- / blue