English
blue
Blue comes from Middle English blew, via Anglo-Norman from Old French bloe, from Frankish *blāu, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw-.
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰlēw-1‘yellow, blond, grey’reconstructed
- Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*blēwaz1‘blue, dark blue’reconstructed
- Frankishc. 250–700*blāu1‘blue’reconstructed
- Old Frenchc. 842–1400bloe1‘blue’
- Middle Frenchc. 1400–1600bleu1
- Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400blew1
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500blew1
- Englishearliest quotation 1781blue1
attested reconstructed ? uncertain or disputed deepest recorded ancestor
- 1 Wiktionary, English blue
- Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1781, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters: “Lord Lyttelton's Life by Dr Johnson […] which a…”.
Lineage
- Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500–2500 BCE*bʰlēw-Wiktionary, English blue‘yellow, blond, grey’reconstructed
- Proto-Germanicc. 500 BCE–200 CE*blēwazWiktionary, English blue‘blue, dark blue’reconstructed
- Frankishc. 250–700*blāuWiktionary, English blue‘blue’reconstructed
- Old Frenchc. 842–1400bloeWiktionary, English blue‘blue’
- Middle Frenchc. 1400–1600bleuWiktionary, English blue
- Anglo-Normanc. 1066–1400blewWiktionary, English blue
- Middle Englishc. 1150–1500blewWiktionary, English blue
- Englishearliest quotation 1781blueWiktionary, English blue. Earliest quotation in Wiktionary’s entry: 1781, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters: “Lord Lyttelton's Life by Dr Johnson […] which a…”
The story
From Middle English blew, blewe, from Anglo-Norman blew, from Middle French bleu, from Old French blöe, bleve, blef (‘blue’), from Frankish *blāu (‘blue’) (perhaps through a Late Latin blāvus, blāvius (‘blue’) attested from Isidore of Seville), from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (‘blue, dark blue’), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- (‘yellow, blond, grey’). Possibly related also to English blee (‘colour’), from Old English blēo (‘colour’); but direct derivatives of Proto-Germanic *blēwaz (‘blue, dark blue’) in Old English include: Old English blāw and blēo (‘blue’), Old English blǣwen (‘bluish, light-blue’), blǣhǣwen (“blue-coloured, bluish, violet or purple colour”, literally “blue-hued”). There seems to be a parallel connection in Germanic between words for blue and colour, dually exemplified by Proto-West Germanic *blīu (‘colour, blee’) and *blāu (‘blue’); and Proto-Germanic *hiwją (‘colour, hue’) and *hāwī (‘blue, purple’). Also compare фиоле́тово (fiolétovo).
Word family
English words that share an ancestor with blue, grouped by the ancestor they share, most familiar first.
through Proto-Germanic *blēwaz ‘blue, dark blue’
- blow ← blo ← blāw ← *blāu
through Middle English blew
5 more relatives in the full family tree
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Today it means
adj Of a blue hue.
Sources
Sources: Wiktionary, “blue”. By Wiktionary contributors, CC BY-SA 4.0, via kaikki.org (dump of Oct 3 2026); text adapted and restructured. Language periods are conventional ranges, not dates for this word. License.
Etymograph / Proto-Indo-European *bʰlēw- / blue